14 records – page 1 of 1.

25th Anniversary as an elected Member

https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/museumdescription3719
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Date
1958
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 22.9 x 18.1 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of Harold Winch holding letters congratulating him on his twenty-fifth anniversary of holding elected office, first as an MLA in BC and then as an MP in the federal government. Winch served in both positions as a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and then…
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Series
Harold E. Winch photographs series
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 22.9 x 18.1 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of Harold Winch holding letters congratulating him on his twenty-fifth anniversary of holding elected office, first as an MLA in BC and then as an MP in the federal government. Winch served in both positions as a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and then the New Democratic Party (NDP) which succeeded it.
Subjects
Officials
Government - Federal Government
Names
Winch, Harold Edward
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation "CCF"
New Democratic Party
Accession Code
BV013.12.76
Date
1958
Media Type
Photograph
Related Material
See BV013.12.17: Guests [anniversary and birthday guest book].
Notes
Title based on contents of photograph
Photograph is a part of original scrapbook Item BV013.12.11
Images
Less detail

Canadian High Commissioner's reception in Djkarta [Jakarta] Indonesia

https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/museumdescription3751
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Date
[1959]
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 11.8 x 17 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of Harold Winch and other guests at a reception during a political visit to Djakarta (now Jakarta), Indonesia.
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Series
Harold E. Winch photographs series
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 11.8 x 17 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of Harold Winch and other guests at a reception during a political visit to Djakarta (now Jakarta), Indonesia.
Subjects
Government - Federal Government
Names
Winch, Harold Edward
Accession Code
BV013.12.109
Date
[1959]
Media Type
Photograph
Notes
Title based on contents of photograph
Photograph is a part of original scrapbook Item BV013.12.11
Images
Less detail

Conference in Australia

https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/museumdescription3752
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Date
1959
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 16.6 x 21.8 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of a group of delegates, likely at the Sixth Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference, held in Canberra, Australia. Harold Winch, fourth from left, was a representative of Canada in the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA).
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Series
Harold E. Winch photographs series
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 16.6 x 21.8 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of a group of delegates, likely at the Sixth Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference, held in Canberra, Australia. Harold Winch, fourth from left, was a representative of Canada in the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA).
Subjects
Government - Federal Government
Names
Winch, Harold Edward
Accession Code
BV013.12.111
Date
1959
Media Type
Photograph
Notes
Title based on contents of photograph
Photograph is a part of original scrapbook Item BV013.12.11
Images
Less detail

C.P.A. Conference - Canberra, Australia

https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/museumdescription3748
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Date
1959
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 20.4 x 25.6 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of delegates at the Sixth Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference, held in Canberra, Australia. Harold Winch was a representative of Canada in the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA).
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Series
Harold E. Winch photographs series
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 20.4 x 25.6 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of delegates at the Sixth Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference, held in Canberra, Australia. Harold Winch was a representative of Canada in the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA).
Subjects
Government - Federal Government
Rights - Human Rights
Organizations
Accession Code
BV013.12.106
Date
1959
Media Type
Photograph
Notes
Title based on contents of photograph
Photograph is a part of original scrapbook Item BV013.12.11
Images
Less detail

Djkarta [sic] [Jakarta] airport

https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/museumdescription3746
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Date
1959
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 17.3 x 23.4 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of delegates at the airport in Djakarta (now Jakarta), Indonesia. Harold Winch is in the back row just left of centre.
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Series
Harold E. Winch photographs series
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 17.3 x 23.4 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of delegates at the airport in Djakarta (now Jakarta), Indonesia. Harold Winch is in the back row just left of centre.
Subjects
Government - Federal Government
Transportation - Air
Names
Winch, Harold Edward
Accession Code
BV013.12.104
Date
1959
Media Type
Photograph
Notes
Title based on contents of photograph
Photograph is a part of original scrapbook Item BV013.12.11
Images
Less detail

Family and political photograph album

https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/museumdescription3654
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Date
1914-1977
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 album (ca. 85 photographs)
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph album containing ca. 85 photographs, including both personal and work-related subjects such as the Winch family and homes, and Winch's political work and travels. Also included are some textual records relating to Winch's political work.
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Series
Harold E. Winch photographs series
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 album (ca. 85 photographs)
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph album containing ca. 85 photographs, including both personal and work-related subjects such as the Winch family and homes, and Winch's political work and travels. Also included are some textual records relating to Winch's political work.
Subjects
Government - Federal Government
Government - Provincial Government
Names
Winch, Harold Edward
Winch, Linda Marian Hendy
Winch, Grace
Winch, Eileen
Winch, Ernest "Ernie"
Winch, Eric
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation "CCF"
New Democratic Party
Douglas, Tommy
MacInnis, Grace
Accession Code
BV013.12.11
Date
1914-1977
Media Type
Photograph
Textual Record
Notes
Title based on contents of photograph
A selection of photographs from scrapbook have been described at item level (BV013.12.36 to BV015.35.117)
Images
Documents

2013_0012_0011_001_Combined

Less detail

Gaza Strip, Israel

https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/museumdescription3708
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Date
1959
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 6.9 x 10.5 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of a group of men and women, including Harold Winch, posing with soldiers. Winch was a member of a Canadian Parliamentary delegation to Israel.
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Series
Harold E. Winch photographs series
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 6.9 x 10.5 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of a group of men and women, including Harold Winch, posing with soldiers. Winch was a member of a Canadian Parliamentary delegation to Israel.
Subjects
Government - Federal Government
Names
Winch, Harold Edward
Accession Code
BV013.12.65
Date
1959
Media Type
Photograph
Related Material
See BV013.12.18, a photograph album presented to Winch by the Speaker of the Knesset in Israel.
Notes
Title based on contents of photograph
Photograph is a part of original scrapbook Item BV013.12.11
Images
Less detail

Gift album from Israeli government

https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/museumdescription3661
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Date
1959
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 album (180 photographs)
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph album received from the Israeli government by Harold as a member of a Canadian Parliamentary delegation visiting Israel in 1959, containing ca. 180 photographs, newspaper clippings, stamps, brochures, and other ephemera relating to Israel and the delegates' visit. The album is …
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Series
Harold E. Winch political photograph album and records series
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 album (180 photographs)
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph album received from the Israeli government by Harold as a member of a Canadian Parliamentary delegation visiting Israel in 1959, containing ca. 180 photographs, newspaper clippings, stamps, brochures, and other ephemera relating to Israel and the delegates' visit. The album is signed by the Speaker of the Knesset (the Israeli legislature).
Subjects
Government - Federal Government
Names
Winch, Harold Edward
Accession Code
BV013.12.18
Access Restriction
No restrictions
Reproduction Restriction
May be restricted by third party rights
Date
1959
Media Type
Photograph
Textual Record
Notes
Title based on contents of item
Documents
Less detail

Harold Winch representing Canada

https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/museumdescription3739
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Date
[195-?]
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 20.5 x 25.1 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of Harold Winch at an unidentified conference or meeting with a "Canada" placard in front of him.
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Series
Harold E. Winch photographs series
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 20.5 x 25.1 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of Harold Winch at an unidentified conference or meeting with a "Canada" placard in front of him.
Subjects
Government - Federal Government
Names
Winch, Harold Edward
Accession Code
BV013.12.96
Date
[195-?]
Media Type
Photograph
Notes
Title based on contents of photograph
Photograph is a part of original scrapbook Item BV013.12.11
Images
Less detail

Interview with Samuel Nalliah and Ruth (Angela) Nalliah

https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/museumdescription19604
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Date
1949-2023 (interview content), interviewed 29 May 2023
Collection/Fonds
Burnaby Village Museum fonds
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
2 sound recordings (wav) (68 min., 6 sec.) + 1 sound recording (mp3) (68 min., 7 sec.)
Scope and Content
Item consists of a recording of an oral history interview with Samuel Nalliah and Ruth (Angela) Nalliah conducted by Burnaby Village Museum Registrar, James Binks. 00:00:00 - 00:13:30 Interview opens with introductions. Samuel (Sam) and Angela Nalliah provide biographical details including their p…
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Collection/Fonds
Burnaby Village Museum fonds
Series
Museum Oral Histories series
Subseries
Many Voices Project Interviews subseries
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
2 sound recordings (wav) (68 min., 6 sec.) + 1 sound recording (mp3) (68 min., 7 sec.)
Material Details
Interviewer: James Binks Interviewees: Samuel Nalliah and Ruth (Angela) Nalliah Location of Interview: Nalliah family home Interview Date: May 29, 2023 Total Number of tracks: 2 Total Length of all Tracks: 68 min., 6 sec. Digital master recordings (wav) were recorded onto two separate audio tracks, edited and merged together and converted to mp3 for access on Heritage Burnaby Photograph information: Ruth (Angela) Nalliah with husband Samuel Nalliah WARNING: Some of the content discussed in this interview (00:40:58 – 00:57:31) regarding the Tamil genocide may be upsetting to some people.
Scope and Content
Item consists of a recording of an oral history interview with Samuel Nalliah and Ruth (Angela) Nalliah conducted by Burnaby Village Museum Registrar, James Binks. 00:00:00 - 00:13:30 Interview opens with introductions. Samuel (Sam) and Angela Nalliah provide biographical details including their parentage, place of birth (Sri Lanka), spoken language and education. Sam Nalliah shares details on his education while living in Sri Lanka, his later education in Wales where he obtained a Master’s Degree in Computer Science and his migration to Halifax in 1978 after obtaining a job at Dalhousie University as a systems analyst. Sam conveys how he decided to relocate from Halifax to Vancouver in 1986 and started his employment with BC Tel. Angela Nalliah shares details on her education and employment after immigrating to Canada from Sri Lanka in 1986. Angela conveys how she first lived in Ottawa, moved to Toronto in 1989 where she began working for TD bank and moved to Vancouver in 1999. 00:13:31 – 00:20:03 Sam Nalliah talks about how he and his wife Angela first met and married in 1999 and moved to Vancouver. Sam shares information on where his other family members immigrated to and why he decided to immigrate to Canada. Angela shares information on other members of her family who immigrated to Canada before her and how her uncle sponsored them all to come. 00:20:04 – 00:29:30 Sam provides further details regarding his family make up including; his first wife, his daughters (born in 1983 and 1985), his step daughter (born in 1991) and his youngest daughter (born in 2000). Sam tells how he worked as a Systems and Operations Manager at Shaughnessy Hospital and later at BC Hydro. Sam provides locations of homes that they lived in Burnaby and Vancouver. Sam and Angela describe what they liked about living in Burnaby, where their daughter attended school and where they did their shopping. 00:29:31 – 00:32:11 Angela talks about working for Prospera Credit Union from 2003 after TD bank downsized. Sam describes how they rented out their house in Vancouver and lived in a rental home in Burnaby that was owned by the City of Burnaby. Sam and Angela recollect the time period that they lived in Burnaby and Vancouver before deciding to move to Surrey in 2015. 00:32:12 – 00:35:59 Sam and Angela provide details regarding their daughter’s post-secondary education and careers. Angela talks about her social activities, volunteer work and involvement with the Thamil Cultural Society of British Columbia, the Women’s Network as well as the Westminster Bible Chapel Church in Burnaby and the Green Timbers Evangelical Covenant Church in Surrey. 00:36:00 – 00:40:57 Sam recalls hearing Prime Minster Pierre Elliott Trudeau speak about the Charter of Rights and Freedoms at Dalhousie University and the effect that his speech made on him. Sam talks about joining the National Democratic Party when Peter Julian was elected as a Member of Parliament for Burnaby. 00:40:58 – 00:57:31 (WARNING: Some of the content discussed in this portion of the interview may be upsetting to some people) Sam and Angela speak about their involvement with the Canadian Tamil Congress (CTC). Angela describes the brutal violence that she witnessed while living in Sri Lanka during the Anti-Tamil state sponsored genocide in the 1980’s. Sam and Angela recollect and discuss their views and actions pertaining to the MV Sun Sea incident where a Thai cargo ship carrying Sri Lankan Tamil refugees to British Columbia were identified as terrorists by the Canadian Government and held in detention facilities. 00:57:32 – 01:08:07 Sam reflects on what he likes about Burnaby. Angela and Sam talk about Hindu temples attended by many Tamil and Sri Lankan people living in Burnaby and the lower mainland. Angela talks about the many cultural events and celebrations that are celebrated within the Tamil and Sri Lankan community including the Pongal Festival. Angela and Sam reflect on how grateful they are to be residents of Canada.
History
Interviewees biographies: Samuel (Sam) Nalliah was born in Jaffna, Sri Lanka in 1949. Sam immigrated to Halifax in 1977 after obtaining a position as a systems analyst at Dalhousie University. In 1986, Sam sponsored his parents to come to Canada. In 1986, after being introduced to the milder weather in Victoria, Sam decided to move to British Columbia. He moved to Burnaby in 1990 and began working for BC Tel in Burnaby. Following his job at BC Tel, Sam worked as a Systems and Operations Manager at Shaughnessy Hospital and later at BC Hydro. Ruth (Angela) Nalliah was born in Jaffna, Sri Lanka in 1964 and immigrated to Canada in 1986. As a Tamil living in Sri Lanka in the 1980’s Angela witnessed first hand the brutal violence during the Anti-Tamil state sponsored genocide. In 1986 Angela was relieved to be able to immigrate to Canada after being sponsored by her uncle. Angela first lived and worked in Ottawa and Toronto before marrying Samuel Nalliah in Ottawa in 1999 and the couple moved to Burnaby. Angela worked for TD bank in both Toronto and Vancouver until it downsized in 2003 and she began working for Prospero Credit Union. While living in Burnaby, Angela attended the Westminster Bible Chapel and after moving to Surrey she became a member of the Green Timbers Evangelical Covenant Church. Sam and Angela Nalliah have four daughters and since moving to British Columbia they’ve lived in Vancouver, Burnaby and Surrey. Both Sam and Angela are involved with the Tamil Cultural Association of British Columbia and the Canadian Tamil Congress (CTC) as well as participates in Sri Lankan and Tamil community cultural events. Interviewer biography: James Binks has lived in the Lower Mainland since 2009 after relocating from Ontario. James holds a Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology from the University of British Columbia, where he conducted researched on heritage, environment, and globalization in India, Nepal, and Italy. At Burnaby Village Museum, James contributed to the exhibit “Truths Not Often Told: Being South Asian in Burnaby”.
Creator
Burnaby Village Museum
Subjects
Education
Events - Festivals
Government
Government - Federal Government
Migration
Occupations
Organizations - Political Parties
Persons - South Asian Canadians
Religions
Religions - Christianity
Religions - Hinduism
Rights
Rights - Human Rights
Social Issues
Social Issues - Racism
Social Issues - Discrimination
Names
Nalliah, Ruth "Angela"
Nalliah, Samuel "Sam"
Canadian Tamil Congress (CTC)
Westminster Bible Chapel
Thamil Cultural Society of British Columbia (TCSBC)
Responsibility
Binks, James
Accession Code
BV023.16.8
Access Restriction
No restrictions
Reproduction Restriction
No known restrictions
Date
1949-2023 (interview content), interviewed 29 May 2023
Media Type
Sound Recording
Notes
Title based on contents of item
Transcription available upon request - contact Burnaby Village Museum
Images
Audio Tracks

Interview with Samuel Nalliah and Ruth (Angela) Nalliah, 1949-2023 (interview content), interviewed 29 May 2023

Interview with Samuel Nalliah and Ruth (Angela) Nalliah, 1949-2023 (interview content), interviewed 29 May 2023

https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/media/hpo/_Data/_BVM_Sound_Recordings/Oral_Histories/2023_0016_0008_003.mp3
Less detail

Meeting of Canadian Speaker's Council in Ottawa

https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/museumdescription3716
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Date
May 1957
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 20.5 x 25.3 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of a group of men identified as the Canadian Speaker's Council. Harold Winch is identified in the last row.
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Series
Harold E. Winch photographs series
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 20.5 x 25.3 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of a group of men identified as the Canadian Speaker's Council. Harold Winch is identified in the last row.
Subjects
Government - Federal Government
Names
Winch, Harold Edward
Accession Code
BV013.12.73
Date
May 1957
Media Type
Photograph
Notes
Title based on contents of photograph
Photograph is a part of original scrapbook Item BV013.12.11
Images
Less detail

Political photograph album

https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/museumdescription3655
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Date
[193-], 1970-1977
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 album (ca. 100 photographs)
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph album containing ca. 100 photographs, including primarily work-related subjects such as Winch's political work and travels.
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Series
Harold E. Winch photographs series
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 album (ca. 100 photographs)
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph album containing ca. 100 photographs, including primarily work-related subjects such as Winch's political work and travels.
Subjects
Government - Federal Government
Government - Provincial Government
Names
Winch, Harold Edward
MacInnis, Grace
Winch, Ernest "Ernie"
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation "CCF"
New Democratic Party
Accession Code
BV013.12.12
Date
[193-], 1970-1977
Media Type
Photograph
Textual Record
Notes
Title based on contents of photograph
Images
Documents

2013_0012_0012_001_Combined

Less detail

Political photographs

https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/museumdescription3649
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Date
[1938-1990], predominant 1938-1953
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Description Level
File
Physical Description
35 photographs : b&w + col. prints + slides
Scope and Content
File consists of photographs relating to Winch's political career, including professional portraits of Harold Winch, tourist photographs of Ottawa, and photographs of Winch with New Democratic Party (NDP) colleagues Dave Barrett (Premier of British Columbia, 1972-1975; also served as MLA and MP) an…
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Series
Harold E. Winch photographs series
Description Level
File
Physical Description
35 photographs : b&w + col. prints + slides
Scope and Content
File consists of photographs relating to Winch's political career, including professional portraits of Harold Winch, tourist photographs of Ottawa, and photographs of Winch with New Democratic Party (NDP) colleagues Dave Barrett (Premier of British Columbia, 1972-1975; also served as MLA and MP) and Dave Stupich (served as MLA and MP). Includes a photograph taken by photographer Ken McAllister of members of the CCF (Co-operative Commonwealth Federation) standing outside of the British Columbia Legislature [ca. 1941].
Subjects
Government - Federal Government
Names
Winch, Harold Edward
New Democratic Party
Accession Code
BV013.12.6
Access Restriction
No restrictions
Reproduction Restriction
May be restricted by third party rights
Date
[1938-1990], predominant 1938-1953
Media Type
Photograph
Scan Resolution
600
Scan Date
2023-04-14
Photographer
McAllister, Kenneth "Ken"
Notes
Title based on contents of file
Annotation in blue ink on recto of photograph of CCF members [ca. 1941] includes names of people identified; "Arthur Tuenue, Colin Cameron, Laura Jamieson, Grant MacNeil / Wallis Lefeaux, Sam Guthrie, Bernard Webber, / Front: Bert Herridge, Grace MacInnis, Bert Gargrave, Harold Winch, Gretchen Steeves, Len Shepherd, Ernie Winch"
Images
Less detail

Speakers' Council meeting in Ottawa

https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/museumdescription3720
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Date
[ca. 1957]
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 25.3 x 20.6 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of the Speakers' Council. Harold Winch is pictured in the last row.
Repository
Burnaby Village Museum
Collection/Fonds
Harold Edward Winch collection
Series
Harold E. Winch photographs series
Description Level
Item
Physical Description
1 photograph : b&w ; 25.3 x 20.6 cm
Scope and Content
Item is a photograph of the Speakers' Council. Harold Winch is pictured in the last row.
Subjects
Government - Federal Government
Names
Winch, Harold Edward
Accession Code
BV013.12.77
Date
[ca. 1957]
Media Type
Photograph
Notes
Title based on contents of photograph
Photograph is a part of original scrapbook Item BV013.12.11
Images
Less detail

14 records – page 1 of 1.