Narrow Results By
Charles Brown family subseries
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/archivedescription27
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [1930]-[1950]
- Collection/Fonds
- Burnaby Historical Society fonds
- Description Level
- Subseries
- Physical Description
- 8 photographs
- Scope and Content
- Subseries consists of photographs taken and collected by Charles Brown's family. Brown was a long-time employee and former Municipal Clerk of Burnaby.
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [1930]-[1950]
- Collection/Fonds
- Burnaby Historical Society fonds
- Subseries
- Charles Brown family subseries
- Physical Description
- 8 photographs
- Description Level
- Subseries
- Accession Number
- BHS1992-49
- Scope and Content
- Subseries consists of photographs taken and collected by Charles Brown's family. Brown was a long-time employee and former Municipal Clerk of Burnaby.
- History
- Charles B. "Charlie" Brown began working for the municipality of Burnaby in 1911 as a stenographer in the Engineer's office. He was appointed assistant municipal clerk in 1927 and assumed the role of municipal clerk in 1933. He served as municipal clerk from 1933-1954 and chief administrative officer from 1954 until his retirement in 1959. Charles was married to Lillian Bernice "Bernie" Bryan Brown.
- Media Type
- Textual Record
- Photograph
- Creator
- Brown, Charles B. "Charlie"
- Notes
- Title based on creator and contents of subseries
- PC307
Brown family
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/archivedescription36605
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [1950]
- Collection/Fonds
- Burnaby Historical Society fonds
- Description Level
- Item
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 9 x 12.5 cm print
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles and Lillian Brown sitting on a couch surrounded by their children and grandchildren.
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [1950]
- Collection/Fonds
- Burnaby Historical Society fonds
- Subseries
- Charles Brown family subseries
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 9 x 12.5 cm print
- Description Level
- Item
- Record No.
- 307-006
- Access Restriction
- No restrictions
- Reproduction Restriction
- Reproduce for fair dealing purposes only
- Accession Number
- BHS1992-49
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles and Lillian Brown sitting on a couch surrounded by their children and grandchildren.
- Subjects
- Occupations - City Clerks
- Media Type
- Photograph
- Notes
- Title based on contents of photograph
Images
Charles and Bernie Brown in England
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/archivedescription36604
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [1950]
- Collection/Fonds
- Burnaby Historical Society fonds
- Description Level
- Item
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 13.5 x 8.5 cm
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles and Lillian Brown walking down a city street in England. A Boots department store is visible in the background.
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [1950]
- Collection/Fonds
- Burnaby Historical Society fonds
- Subseries
- Charles Brown family subseries
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 13.5 x 8.5 cm
- Description Level
- Item
- Record No.
- 307-005
- Access Restriction
- No restrictions
- Reproduction Restriction
- Reproduce for fair dealing purposes only
- Accession Number
- BHS1992-49
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles and Lillian Brown walking down a city street in England. A Boots department store is visible in the background.
- Subjects
- Buildings - Commercial - Stores
- Media Type
- Photograph
- Notes
- Title based on contents of photograph
Images
Charles B. Brown
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/archivedescription36607
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [1950]
- Collection/Fonds
- Burnaby Historical Society fonds
- Description Level
- Item
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 24 x 17.5 cm (sight) in mat 36 x 55 cm folded to 36 x 27.5 cm
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles B. Brown taken in a photographic studio.
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [1950]
- Collection/Fonds
- Burnaby Historical Society fonds
- Subseries
- Charles Brown family subseries
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 24 x 17.5 cm (sight) in mat 36 x 55 cm folded to 36 x 27.5 cm
- Description Level
- Item
- Record No.
- 307-008
- Access Restriction
- No restrictions
- Reproduction Restriction
- Reproduce for fair dealing purposes only
- Accession Number
- BHS1992-49
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles B. Brown taken in a photographic studio.
- Subjects
- Documentary Artifacts - Portraits
- Media Type
- Photograph
- Photographer
- Rossmo, Nicholas
- Notes
- Title based on contents of photograph
Images
Charles B. Brown
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/archivedescription45173
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [between 1954 to 1959]
- Collection/Fonds
- Columbian Newspaper collection
- Description Level
- Item
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 16 x 9.5 cm
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles Boyer Brown reaching to answer the phone, taken when he was Burnaby's chief administrative officer. He started working for the municipality in 1911 as a stenographer in the engineers office, and was appointed assistant municipal clerk in 1927, municipal clerk in 1933, and chie…
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [between 1954 to 1959]
- Collection/Fonds
- Columbian Newspaper collection
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 16 x 9.5 cm
- Description Level
- Item
- Record No.
- 480-069
- Access Restriction
- No restrictions
- Reproduction Restriction
- Reproduce for fair dealing purposes only
- Accession Number
- 2003-02
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles Boyer Brown reaching to answer the phone, taken when he was Burnaby's chief administrative officer. He started working for the municipality in 1911 as a stenographer in the engineers office, and was appointed assistant municipal clerk in 1927, municipal clerk in 1933, and chief administrative officer in 1954, before retiring in 1959.
- Subjects
- Occupations - City Clerks
- Media Type
- Photograph
- Photographer
- Jennings, B.C.
- Notes
- Title based on contents of photograph
- Stamp on verso of photograph reads: "B.C. Jennings / New Westminster_ B.C. / British Columbian / Staff Photographer"
Images
Charles B. Brown
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/archivedescription45176
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [between 1954 to 1959]
- Collection/Fonds
- Columbian Newspaper collection
- Description Level
- Item
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 12 x 9.5 cm
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles Boyer Brown signing a document with another man present, taken when he was Burnaby's chief administrative officer. He started working for the municipality in 1911 as a stenographer in the engineers office, and was appointed assistant municipal clerk in 1927, municipal clerk in…
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [between 1954 to 1959]
- Collection/Fonds
- Columbian Newspaper collection
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 12 x 9.5 cm
- Description Level
- Item
- Record No.
- 480-072
- Access Restriction
- No restrictions
- Reproduction Restriction
- Reproduce for fair dealing purposes only
- Accession Number
- 2003-02
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles Boyer Brown signing a document with another man present, taken when he was Burnaby's chief administrative officer. He started working for the municipality in 1911 as a stenographer in the engineers office, and was appointed assistant municipal clerk in 1927, municipal clerk in 1933, and chief administrative officer in 1954, before retiring in 1959.
- Subjects
- Occupations - City Clerks
- Media Type
- Photograph
- Notes
- Title based on contents of photograph
Images
Charles B. Brown in retirement
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/archivedescription45175
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- June 1959, published June 20, 1959
- Collection/Fonds
- Columbian Newspaper collection
- Description Level
- Item
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 15 x 9.5 cm
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles Boyer Brown reading a book as he smokes a pipe, taken in his back yard just after retiring from service as Burnaby's chief adminstrative officer. He started working for the municipality in 1911 as a stenographer in the engineers office, and was appointed assistant municipal cl…
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- June 1959, published June 20, 1959
- Collection/Fonds
- Columbian Newspaper collection
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 15 x 9.5 cm
- Description Level
- Item
- Record No.
- 480-071
- Access Restriction
- No restrictions
- Reproduction Restriction
- Reproduce for fair dealing purposes only
- Accession Number
- 2003-02
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles Boyer Brown reading a book as he smokes a pipe, taken in his back yard just after retiring from service as Burnaby's chief adminstrative officer. He started working for the municipality in 1911 as a stenographer in the engineers office, and was appointed assistant municipal clerk in 1927, municipal clerk in 1933, and chief administrative officer in 1954. He lived at 2570 Walker Avenue (renumbered 6733 Walker Avenue).
- Subjects
- Occupations - City Clerks
- Media Type
- Photograph
- Photographer
- Smith, Sheamus
- Notes
- Title based on contents of photograph
- Geographic Access
- Walker Avenue
- Street Address
- 6733 Walker Avenue
- Historic Neighbourhood
- Edmonds (Historic Neighbourhood)
- Planning Study Area
- Richmond Park Area
Images
Charles B. Brown on the phone
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/archivedescription45174
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [between 1954 to 1959]
- Collection/Fonds
- Columbian Newspaper collection
- Description Level
- Item
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 16.5 x 9.5 cm
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles Boyer Brown on the phone and smiling as he smokes a pipe, taken when he was Burnaby's chief administrative officer. He started working for the municipality in 1911 as a stenographer in the engineers office, and was appointed assistant municipal clerk in 1927, municipal clerk i…
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [between 1954 to 1959]
- Collection/Fonds
- Columbian Newspaper collection
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 16.5 x 9.5 cm
- Description Level
- Item
- Record No.
- 480-070
- Access Restriction
- No restrictions
- Reproduction Restriction
- Reproduce for fair dealing purposes only
- Accession Number
- 2003-02
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles Boyer Brown on the phone and smiling as he smokes a pipe, taken when he was Burnaby's chief administrative officer. He started working for the municipality in 1911 as a stenographer in the engineers office, and was appointed assistant municipal clerk in 1927, municipal clerk in 1933, and chief administrative officer in 1954, before retiring in 1959.
- Subjects
- Occupations - City Clerks
- Media Type
- Photograph
- Notes
- Title based on contents of photograph
Images
Charles B. Brown smoking a pipe
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/archivedescription45172
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- 1953, published January 4, 1959
- Collection/Fonds
- Columbian Newspaper collection
- Description Level
- Item
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 16.5 x 11.5 cm
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles Boyer Brown smoking a pipe, taken when he was Burnaby's municipal clerk. He started working for the municipality in 1911 as a stenographer in the engineers office, and was appointed assistant municipal clerk in 1927, municipal clerk in 1933, and chief administrative officer in…
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- 1953, published January 4, 1959
- Collection/Fonds
- Columbian Newspaper collection
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 16.5 x 11.5 cm
- Description Level
- Item
- Record No.
- 480-068
- Access Restriction
- No restrictions
- Reproduction Restriction
- Reproduce for fair dealing purposes only
- Accession Number
- 2003-02
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Charles Boyer Brown smoking a pipe, taken when he was Burnaby's municipal clerk. He started working for the municipality in 1911 as a stenographer in the engineers office, and was appointed assistant municipal clerk in 1927, municipal clerk in 1933, and chief administrative officer in 1954. This photograph was published in the paper in 1959 to announce his plan to retire.
- Subjects
- Occupations - City Clerks
- Media Type
- Photograph
- Notes
- Title based on contents of photograph
Images
Interview with Charles B. Brown May 21, 1975 - Track 7
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/oralhistory33
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date Range
- 1933-1942
- Length
- 0:06:35
- Summary
- This portion of the interview pertains to Charles Boyer Brown's impressions of various Commissioners.
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Summary
- This portion of the interview pertains to Charles Boyer Brown's impressions of various Commissioners.
- Date Range
- 1933-1942
- Photo Info
- Charles Boyer Brown, by photographer Nicholas Rossmo [1950]. Item no. 307-008
- Length
- 0:06:35
- Subjects
- Officials - Commissioners
- Interviewer
- Bradbury, Dr. Bettina
- Interview Date
- May 21, 1975
- Scope and Content
- Recording is a taped interview with Charles B. Brown by SFU (Simon Fraser University) graduate student Bettina Bradbury May 21, 1975. Major themes discussed are: the Depression, the Commissioner and municipal politics in general. To view "Narrow By" terms for each track expand this description and see "Notes".
- Biographical Notes
- Charles Boyer Brown was born on June 16, 1894 in the town of Ongar, Essex, England. He came to Canada as a young child with his parents Jean and Percy Brown. In 1903, the family settled in New Westminster and by 1911, Charles had joined the Burnaby municipal staff working as an office boy. The outbreak of World War One interrupted Charlie’s career as he immediately enlisted with the Royal Engineers and served from 1915 to 1918. While overseas he met and married Lillian Bernice Bryan and they returned to Canada together after the war and Charles resumed his position in municipal administration. For a short time, Charles was appointed as the Municipal Assessor, but in 1927 he became the Assistant Municipal Clerk. In 1933, Charles was made Municipal Clerk, a post he held until he retired in 1959. Charles has also been credited with playing a significant role in administering the city while it was under the rule of the provincial commission from 1932-1942. Recognized for his expertise in civic affairs, Charles was appointed by the provincial government to a committee formed to review and revise the Municipal Act. He was also a member of the BC Municipal Officers’ Association from its formation in 1936 and was made its chair in 1953. While these civic duties occupied much of his time, Charles still managed to participate as a volunteer on many sport and youth clubs in the city and served as the secretary for the Kingsway Rotary Club. In recognition of his outstanding contributions to Burnaby, both paid and volunteer, Charles was presented with the Gold Key award in 1959, the same year he finally retired from municipal administration. During Charles’ lifetime, many changes took place in the Municipality that he loved. He saw Burnaby grow in population and progress and he could be proud of the significant part he played in that growth and development. Charles Brown died on August 11, 1981.
- Total Tracks
- 8
- Total Length
- 0:58:01
- Interviewee Name
- Brown, Charles B. "Charlie"
- Interview Location
- Walker Avenue
- Interviewer Bio
- Bettina Bradbury teaches history and women's studies at York University. She is the author of Wife to Widow. Lives, Laws and Politics in Nineteenth-century Montreal. (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, June 2011), 520p; Working Families. Age, Gender and Daily Survival in Industrializing Montreal. (Toronto: Canadian Social History Series, McClelland and Stewart, 1993); (Republished Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1996) (3rd edition, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007). These interviews were undertaken after she completed her MA at Simon Fraser University in 1975 with the support of an LIP grant.
- Collection/Fonds
- Burnaby Historical Society fonds
- Subseries
- Oral history subseries
- Transcript Available
- None
- Media Type
- Sound Recording
- Web Notes
- Interview was digitized in 2010 allowing it to be accessible on Heritage Burnaby. The digitization project was initiated by the Community Heritage Commission with support from City of Burnaby Council and the BC History Digitization Program of the Irving K. Barber Learning Centre, University of British Columbia. It was recognized by the Heritage Society of BC with an award in 2012.
Images
Audio Tracks
Track seven of interview with Charles B. Brown
Track seven of interview with Charles B. Brown
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/media/hpo/_Data/_Archives_Oral_Histories/_Unrestricted/100-13-06/100-13-06_Track_7.mp3Interview with Charles B. Brown May 21, 1975 - Track 8
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/oralhistory34
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date Range
- 1928-1945
- Length
- 0:06:03
- Summary
- This portion of the interview pertains to Charles Boyer Brown's experiences with tax sales and a description of how they functioned.
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Summary
- This portion of the interview pertains to Charles Boyer Brown's experiences with tax sales and a description of how they functioned.
- Date Range
- 1928-1945
- Photo Info
- Charles Boyer Brown, by photographer Nicholas Rossmo [1950]. Item no. 307-008
- Length
- 0:06:03
- Subjects
- Government - Local Government
- Interviewer
- Bradbury, Dr. Bettina
- Interview Date
- May 21, 1975
- Scope and Content
- Recording is a taped interview with Charles B. Brown by SFU (Simon Fraser University) graduate student Bettina Bradbury May 21, 1975. Major themes discussed are: the Depression, the Commissioner and municipal politics in general. To view "Narrow By" terms for each track expand this description and see "Notes".
- Biographical Notes
- Charles Boyer Brown was born on June 16, 1894 in the town of Ongar, Essex, England. He came to Canada as a young child with his parents Jean and Percy Brown. In 1903, the family settled in New Westminster and by 1911, Charles had joined the Burnaby municipal staff working as an office boy. The outbreak of World War One interrupted Charlie’s career as he immediately enlisted with the Royal Engineers and served from 1915 to 1918. While overseas he met and married Lillian Bernice Bryan and they returned to Canada together after the war and Charles resumed his position in municipal administration. For a short time, Charles was appointed as the Municipal Assessor, but in 1927 he became the Assistant Municipal Clerk. In 1933, Charles was made Municipal Clerk, a post he held until he retired in 1959. Charles has also been credited with playing a significant role in administering the city while it was under the rule of the provincial commission from 1932-1942. Recognized for his expertise in civic affairs, Charles was appointed by the provincial government to a committee formed to review and revise the Municipal Act. He was also a member of the BC Municipal Officers’ Association from its formation in 1936 and was made its chair in 1953. While these civic duties occupied much of his time, Charles still managed to participate as a volunteer on many sport and youth clubs in the city and served as the secretary for the Kingsway Rotary Club. In recognition of his outstanding contributions to Burnaby, both paid and volunteer, Charles was presented with the Gold Key award in 1959, the same year he finally retired from municipal administration. During Charles’ lifetime, many changes took place in the Municipality that he loved. He saw Burnaby grow in population and progress and he could be proud of the significant part he played in that growth and development. Charles Brown died on August 11, 1981.
- Total Tracks
- 8
- Total Length
- 0:58:01
- Interviewee Name
- Brown, Charles B. "Charlie"
- Interview Location
- Walker Avenue
- Interviewer Bio
- Bettina Bradbury teaches history and women's studies at York University. She is the author of Wife to Widow. Lives, Laws and Politics in Nineteenth-century Montreal. (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, June 2011), 520p; Working Families. Age, Gender and Daily Survival in Industrializing Montreal. (Toronto: Canadian Social History Series, McClelland and Stewart, 1993); (Republished Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1996) (3rd edition, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007). These interviews were undertaken after she completed her MA at Simon Fraser University in 1975 with the support of an LIP grant.
- Collection/Fonds
- Burnaby Historical Society fonds
- Subseries
- Oral history subseries
- Transcript Available
- None
- Media Type
- Sound Recording
- Web Notes
- Interview was digitized in 2010 allowing it to be accessible on Heritage Burnaby. The digitization project was initiated by the Community Heritage Commission with support from City of Burnaby Council and the BC History Digitization Program of the Irving K. Barber Learning Centre, University of British Columbia. It was recognized by the Heritage Society of BC with an award in 2012.
Images
Audio Tracks
Track eight of interview with Charles B. Brown
Track eight of interview with Charles B. Brown
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/media/hpo/_Data/_Archives_Oral_Histories/_Unrestricted/100-13-06/100-13-06_Track_8.mp3Men's soccer team
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/archivedescription36601
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [1940]
- Collection/Fonds
- Burnaby Historical Society fonds
- Description Level
- Item
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : sepia ; 6.5 x 14 cm
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of a men's soccer team standing with their trophy. Charles B. Brown is standing fourth from the left, wearing a three-piece suit.
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [1940]
- Collection/Fonds
- Burnaby Historical Society fonds
- Subseries
- Charles Brown family subseries
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : sepia ; 6.5 x 14 cm
- Description Level
- Item
- Record No.
- 307-002
- Access Restriction
- No restrictions
- Reproduction Restriction
- No known restrictions
- Accession Number
- BHS1992-49
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of a men's soccer team standing with their trophy. Charles B. Brown is standing fourth from the left, wearing a three-piece suit.
- Media Type
- Photograph
- Notes
- Title based on contents of photograph
Images
South Burnaby Intermediate Football Team
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/archivedescription36606
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [1940 or 1941]
- Collection/Fonds
- Burnaby Historical Society fonds
- Description Level
- Item
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 18 x 24 cm (sight) in mat 27 x 34 cm
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of the South Burnaby Intermediate Football Team during the 1940 to 1941 season. Charles B. Brown is on the far left, wearing a fedora and overcoat.
- Repository
- City of Burnaby Archives
- Date
- [1940 or 1941]
- Collection/Fonds
- Burnaby Historical Society fonds
- Subseries
- Charles Brown family subseries
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 18 x 24 cm (sight) in mat 27 x 34 cm
- Description Level
- Item
- Record No.
- 307-007
- Access Restriction
- No restrictions
- Reproduction Restriction
- No known restrictions
- Accession Number
- BHS1992-49
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of the South Burnaby Intermediate Football Team during the 1940 to 1941 season. Charles B. Brown is on the far left, wearing a fedora and overcoat.
- Subjects
- Sports - Soccer
- Sports - Team Sports
- Media Type
- Photograph
- Notes
- Continuation of title: "...Season 1940 - 40"
Images
History of Burnaby and vicinity
https://search.heritageburnaby.ca/link/museumlibrary6890
- Repository
- Burnaby Village Museum
- Author
- Green, George, 1872-1955
- Publication Date
- 1947
- Call Number
- 971.133 GRE Copy 2 Ver. 1
- Repository
- Burnaby Village Museum
- Collection
- Digital Reference Collection
- Special Collection
- Material Type
- Book
- Accession Code
- BV017.17.1
- Call Number
- 971.133 GRE Copy 2 Ver. 1
- Author
- Green, George, 1872-1955
- Place of Publication
- [S.l.]
- Publisher
- [s.n.]
- Publication Date
- 1947
- Printer
- Shoemaker , McLean & Veitch
- Physical Description
- 233 p. : ill., maps, ports. ; 23 cm.
- Inscription
- "Presented To my valued fried Rev. D. W. Scott. a former neighbor at Capitol Hill with best wishes of the author George Green Victoria March 1 1947" [handwritten in black ink on page opposing front pastedown] "BMMM-WU SIGNED 1st ED 50.00" [handwritten in pencil on page opposing front pastedown]
- Library Subject (LOC)
- Burnaby (B.C.)--History
- Burnaby (B.C.)
- Biography
- Name Access
- Green, George
- Notes
- Autographed by author
- "By George Green, pioneer resident of Burnaby, and an ex-Councillor. Charter Member of the British Columbia Historical Association, Vancouver Branch, and an Executive Member."
- Copy 2 of 2